What do monarchs feed on in winter? Nectar sources at hibernation sites

Abstract Introduction The steep population decline of the emblematic monarch butterfly is caused mainly by reduction food sources for caterpillars and adults, as well disturbance in its overwintering forests. Although feeding at sites Mexico has long been considered unimportant, observations show that butterflies feed inside outside their forests on sunny days. Nectaring close to hibernation colonies may be relevant conservation, reserves faster disturbed However, there are no systematic studies nectar Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Michoacán, Mexico. Aims In this study, we identified quantified main plant species visited nectaring Reserve. Methods We collected observational data flora visits three sanctuaries, around formed between February March 2019–2020 season. Results Butterflies fed 29 from 10 families. Most had white, yellow or blue flowers, were somewhat synanthropic flowering season winter. most Salvia mexicana S. plurispicata , which also abundant. By individual plant, Prunus serotina Crataegus Buddleja sessiliflora Verbesina oncophora Roldana albonervia visited. Discussion/Implications insect conservation results point possible interventions support butterflies. generally easy encourage cultivate could promoted surrounding agricultural areas.